New Cascaded 1+PII2D/FOPID Load Frequency Controller for Modern Power Grids including Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage and Renewable Energy

Having continuous decrease in inertia and being sensitive to load/generation variation are considered crucial challenging problems for modern power grids. The main cause of these is the increased penetration capacities renewables. An unbalanced load with generation largely affects grids’ frequency voltage profiles. Load control (LFC) mechanisms extensively presented solve problems. In literature, LFC methods still lacking dealing system uncertainty, parameter variation, structure changes, and/or disturbance rejection. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved methodology using hybrid one plus proportional integral double-integral derivative (1+PII2D) cascaded fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID), namely, proposed 1+PII2D/FOPID controller. contribution superconducting magnetic energy storage devices (SMES) design, also considering high-voltage DC AC transmission lines (hybrid HVDC/HVAC). optimized design controller a new application recently powerful artificial rabbits optimizers (ARO) algorithm. Various performance comparisons, uncertainties, profiles changes case study. results proved superior regulation ARO optimum parameters.